Evolution of Primate Multilevel Social Systems: Proboscis Monkey Society as Complex System

Great apes like chimpanzees often provide referential models to understand evolutional trajectories of human behaviour, cognition, morphology and social system as humans shared a common ancestor only \(\sim \)5–7 million years ago (Mya). However, there are other lesser known non-human primates which phylogenetically far humans, but sharing similar traits with in terms system, i.e., multilevel societies. Among primate systems, the society, smaller levels organization aggregate into larger units, is one most complex, though its origins function still poorly understood. Proboscis monkeys (Nasalis larvatus), rare species reported belong odd-nosed colobines, large, sexually dimorphic primarily arboreal species. We will overview what/how society proboscis discuss proximate mechanisms maintaining selective factors underlying their system. Investigation on systems would not insights evolutionary history also possibility develop our understanding how brain encodes spatial position others such complex society.